Every February during Black History Month, Canadian schoolchildren learn about Black people who have changed the world: Harriet Tubman, Jackie Robinson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Oprah Winfrey. With perhaps the notable exception of Viola Desmond — the face of our $10 bill — Black Canadians are usually conspicuously absent from this list.
That needs to change, and politics is a good place to start.
Across Canada’s history, Black Canadians have blazed trails in politics. Abraham Shadd, a shoemaker, abolitionist, and conductor on the Underground Railroad: in 1859, he became the first Black man elected to public office in Canada.
Lincoln Alexander, a wireless operator in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II and then a lawyer who went on to become a member of parliament, cabinet minister and lieutenant-governor, the first Black Canadian in each of those positions.
Rosemary Brown, a social worker, advocate for gender equality, and member of the B.C. legislature who was the first Black woman to run for party leadership in Canada.
These, and other Black Canadians, helped change the world, breaking down barriers, pushing for the end of discriminatory laws, and helping to create electoral institutions that inch Canada closer to equality. A history lesson that overlooks these achievements is one that denies them.
Instead of celebrating our own heroes, we exalt those of our American neighbours while simultaneously looking smugly down at their troubled race relations, impervious to the erasure of our own racial history.
Over the past two decades, more than 350 Black Canadians have run for elected office. But you won’t find a comprehensive list of these changemakers anywhere. In our work, it was the dogged determination of Taryn Rerrie, an enterprising university student who spent months digging through archives, who helped us come up with a list of Black Canadian politicians and office-seekers. It shouldn’t be like this.
The Library of Parliament maintains a comprehensive database of information on parliamentarians. It tells you which Members of Parliament are women, have military experience, or died in office. But it has no information on racial diversity and no list of parliamentarians who are Black. In part, this absence reflects the difficulty of collecting racially disaggregated data, but it isn’t an absolution.
In 2017, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination highlighted Canada’s failure to systematically collect racially disaggregated data on social and economic outcomes. The federal government’s anti-racism strategy, released in 2019, committed to the collection of more racial data, but to date those efforts have focused on federal workplaces and the compilation of population data and have not yet been taken up by parliamentarians in their own workplace.
Management experts have long noted “what’s measured is what matters.” When institutions don’t collect racial data, they can claim race does not matter. In politics, this is not the case: plenty of research has demonstrated racial differences in candidate evaluations, nomination, and recruitment, campaign contributions, and media coverage. However, parliament and legislatures have been slow to collect and compile data on race.
On this front, it would be useful to look to our American neighbours. The United States House of Representatives provides detailed information on Black Americans in Congress, and so does the Senate.
In Canada, we rely on academic researchers, non-profits and journalists who pull together these statistics after every electoral cycle. Those efforts are vital, but they are piecemeal and precarious but are fuelled by goodwill rather than a concerted institutional commitment to understanding how race influences politics.
Black History Month is about celebrating Black peoples’ contributions. To do that, they must be made visible.
One part of these efforts is the first ever national survey of Black Canadian candidates, currently on-going, led by Operation Black Vote Canada and Carleton University. The final results will shed light on Black Canadians’ pathways into politics, and their experiences when they get there. They will help us to pinpoint gaps, devise solutions for addressing them, and track progress over time. This will lead to more effective representation.
When we have better data on race-based outcomes, we get better outcomes, and that is something worth celebrating.
Photo courtesy of DepositPhotos
